Electromagnetism and Ghost Theory Part I
By Mark Stewart
The second of Einstein's two relativity theories, his general theory of relativity, is a theory of gravitation. Its wide
acceptance and his original fame may be attributed largely to the presumed verification of predictions that he made
relative to three effects in astronomy. As it turns out now, all three of these effects should have been expected from
other considerations: they can be shown to follow from more conventional physical analyses without the need for his
theory and its rather drastic "nonphysical" concepts.
This theory of electromagnetism follows the same analytical form as that which has proved to be so successful in
electric theory, namely the form of Maxwell's four field equations in this electromagnetic theory of light. This theory
yields all of the applications known from Newton's theory of gravitation plus the "expected" dynamical effects of
gravitational waves and radiation, minute effects that Newton failed to provide for. Although the predicted
gravitational radiation effects have the same order of magnitude of Einstein's, there is enough difference in value
that if these effects are ever measured with sufficient accuracy, these ideas will be vindicated. Many of these ideas
are still being explored to this day; nevertheless it appears to be a satisfying alternative to Einstein's general theory
of relativity, with much greater physical plausibility.
The universal law of gravitation developed by Sir Isaac Newton is the law that is employed in practical problems
related to gravitation. For example, it is the law that has been used so successfully in space flights, accurately
predicting the trajectories of spacecrafts in their flights to the moon, and beyond.
However, without detracting from the genius of Newton, nor of the applicability of his law of gravitation, it appears
that this law is a limited one. It is an action-at-a-distance law, meaning that its force is supposed to act throughout
space instantaneously. Whereas it is believed that this gravitational effect is propagated through space with a finite
velocity, not an infinite velocity.
Action-at-a-distance laws in other areas of physics have been shown to be limited laws, holding only for those
cases where the travel time can be neglected. The effects have been found to be propagated with the speed of light.
After developing his special theory of relativity, from which the useful concept of equivalence of mass and energy
was deduced, Albert Einstein developed a second theory of relativity known as the general theory of relativity, a
theory of gravitation. It is not a simple extension of his special theory, but a complete venture into new concepts.
These new concepts associate gravity with accelerated frames of reference and include the concept of "curved
space". This concept of "curved space" appears to be a "nonphysical" and inconsistent concept in relativity;
because the special theory of relativity is based on the assumption that space is not a measurable physical quantity,
that there is no fixed frame of reference in space.
Even though the general theory of relativity appears to be "nonphysical", this theory gained wide acceptance
and gave Einstein his first fame. His fame came when observations apparently verified predictions that he had made.
He predicted three effects in astronomy, but these Einstein effects can now be accounted for by other means. The
general theory is not needed to produce any of these effects. Nevertheless Einstein's general theory of relativity is
still used as a foundational principle upon which modern cosmology rests.
The three effects predicted by Einstein are: 1) A slight revolving motion of the elliptical orbit of a planet (the
advance of its perihelion), 2) A slight curving of light rays by gravitational attraction, and 3) A red shift in the spectral
lines of light emitted from very massive stars, or even from the Sun.
All of these effects considered to have been observed: 1) the orbital motion effect has been measured on
Mercury. 2) The bending of light rays from stars by the gravitational field of the sun are believed to have been
observed during solar eclipses when observational conditions were optimum. 3) The red shift associated with some
stars has been interpreted as a gravitational effect.
Several scientists have deduced these three effects by other theories. One of the most impressive
demonstration of an alternate means of deducing the three effects, without recourse to general relativity is
developed in the paper by L. Rongved entitled, "Measurements in Euclidean terms giving all three Einstein effects" Il
Nuovo Cimento, XLIV B (2): 255-271 (1966).
The authors of this paper have deduced these effects in still another way. Hence there is ample evidence that
one does not need the general theory of relativity to predict these effects and they are not "proofs" of that theory.
The theory developed by Dr. Thomas G. Barnes is from the same type of physical concepts that have been
successful in electromagnetic theory. It employs the same form as that in Maxwell's four field equations. There are
four field equations in gravitation and they contain four field vectors that are analogous to the four-electric and
magnetic field vectors of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. This gravitational theory yields, besides the three things
mentioned, all the "expected" dynamical effects that Einstein's theory yields, such as transverse gravitational wave
radiation from accelerated masses and a finite propagation speed.
More will be said on this and eventually how this applies to ghost theory. But the above and the next several
articles will the lay the foundation of my thoughts regarding electromagnetism and ghost theory.
Mark Stewart